Also, some ultraviolet lamps are of the arc type. The humble tin can was patented by a British merchant Peter Durand in It would have an incalculable impact on food preservation and transportation right up to the present day.
John Hall and Bryan Dorkin would open the very first commercial canning factory in England in In , Henry Evans invented the machine that can manufacture tin cans at a rate of sixty per hour. This was a significant increase over the previous rate of only six per hour.
The very first tin cans had very thick walls and needed to be opened using a hammer. Over time they became thinner enabling the later invention of a dedicated can opener in It took the American Civil War to inspire the creation of tin cans with a key can opener as can still be found on sardine cans. In , a German inventor, Joseph von Fraunhofer invented the spectrometer.
His early device was devised to enable the chemical analysis of glowing objects. Little did Joseph know the full impact his invention would have on the scientific world. We owe the fact that we know what the Sun is made of thanks to Fraunhofer.
He invented the spectroscope in In fact, his discoveries earned him a knighthood in , two years before his death. Like all glassmakers of the time, he died early because of heavy metal poisoning. He would eventually do this using his new-fangled camera obscura that was set up in the windows of his home in France.
Joseph constructed his first camera in around which allowed him to create an image on white paper. But he was unable to fix it. He would continue his experimentation using different cameras and chemical combinations for the next 10 years or so.
In he successfully produced the first, long-lasting image using a plate coated with bitumen. This was then washed in a solvent and placed over a box of iodine to produce a plate with light and dark qualities. The electromagnet was the culmination of a series of developments from Hans Christian Oersted, Andre-Marie Ampere, and Dominique Francois Jean Arago made their critical discoveries on electromagnetism. One man, William Sturgeon, would take the findings of these great scientists and build on them to build the world's first electromagnet.
He found that leaving some iron inside a coil of wire would vastly increase the magnetic field created. He also realized that by bending the iron into a u-shape allowed the poles to come closer together, thereby concentrating the field lines.
His design was improved upon by Joseph Henry who built, in , a very strong electromagnet that was able to lift kgs. Perhaps one of the most useful of all inventions during the Industrial Revolution was when, in , Charles Mackintosh devised the Mackintosh. Prior to his invention clothing was waterproofed by using a coating of rubber.
But rubber would become sticky and tacky during hot weather and extremely stiff during winter months. Charles, a Scottish Chemist, successfully cured this problem and patented a new method of using rubber to waterproof clothing. Initially, he created his new waterproof clothing at his family's textile factory. By , Mackintosh had begun mass production of their clothes and merged with a larger clothing manufacturing company.
His method of waterproofing is known to us today as vulcanization. This process allowed the rubber to maintain its shape and not become sticky during hot weather like natural rubber.
Mackintosh's design also placed the rubber covering inside two pieces of fabric rather than covering one. In , John Walker gave the world the first modern matches. Early attempts were made to make a match that produced ignition through friction by Francois Derosne in These were, however, crude and used sulfur tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated with phosphorus. This was both inconvenient and unsafe.
Waker was a Chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees who developed a keen interest in trying to make fire as easily as possible. Chemical combinations were known that provided sudden ignition but hadn't been finalized as a means of transmitting the flame to a slow-burning material like wood.
When, quite by accident, a prepared match ignited by accident from friction on the hearth he at once knew he had found the answer. He immediately set about producing wooden splints or sticks of cardboard and coating them with sulfur.
He then added a tip with a mixture of a sulfide of antimony, chlorate of potash, and gum. Camphor was added later to mask the smell of the sulfur once ignited. It is widely accepted that in , William Austin Burt patented the "first typewriter" which he termed a "Typographer". There were earlier machines similar in purpose, a notable example being Henry Mill's patent, but it appears to have never been capitalized upon. The Science Museum in London describes Burt's machine as "the first writing mechanism whose invention was documented".
Despite its apparent breaking of new ground, contemporary sources indicated that even when used by Burt the machine was slower than handwriting. This was because the typographer needed to use a dial rather than keys to select each character. This lack of efficiency improvement over handwriting ultimately sealed Burt's machine's doom. Both he and its promoter John D. Sheldon never found a buyer for the patent.
The modern typewriter would ultimately be invented in by Christopher Sholes. Here's another great invention of the Industrial Revolution. The basic principles of electromagnetic generators were discovered in the early s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noted that the electromotive force is generated when an electrical conductor encircles a varying magnetic flux.
This would later become known as Faraday's Law. Michael also built the first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday Disk.
This was a type of homopolar generator that used a copper disc that rotated between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. The first true dynamo, based on Faraday's principle, was built in by Hippolyte Pixii, a French instrument maker. His device used a permanent magnet that was rotated using a crank.
John Herschel , a British scientist, and inventor succeeded in developing the process that was the direct precursor to what we now know as blueprints. John made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the cyanotype process and variations such as the chrysotype , the precursors of the modern blueprint process in around This process enabled the production of a photograph on glass, he also experimented with some color reproduction.
It is also believed that he coined the term photography. He found that Ferro-gallate in gum is actually light-sensitive. When exposed to light it turns into an insoluble permanent blue. He successfully postulated that a coating of this on paper or other material could be used to copy an image from another translucent document. Who would have thought that this was one of the inventions of the Industrial Revolution?
The piece was written by a Welsh physicist and barrister William Grove. In it, he described his development of a crude fuel cell that combined sheet iron, copper and porcelain plates and a solution of sulfate of copper and dilute acid.
In the same publication published a year later a German physicist Christain Freidrich Schonbein also discussed his crude fuel cell that he believed he had invented. His letter described how current was generated using hydrogen and oxygen dissolved in water. Grove sketched his design later in , once again, for the same journal. Both of these used similar materials to days phosphoric acid fuel cells. Dynamite is yet another invention that can trace its origins to the Industrial Revolution.
This highly-explosive combination of nitroglycerin, sorbents, and stabilizers was first invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel. It was one of the world's first safe manageable explosives.
Nobel was apparently inspired by his father's work as an industrialist, engineer, and inventor who helped build bridges and other structures. His father, Immanuel Nobel, spent many years trying to find a safer, more effective alternative to black powder but was not successful. This potent explosive quickly gained wide-scale use around the world as a far more powerful alternative to black powder. Each invention and technological advancement helped spur future inventions so the timeline of the industrial revolution and where these inventions fit in the timeline is important to know.
The steam engine pumped water using a vacuum created by condensed steam. The engine was an important invention because it drained water out of deep mines, thus making it vital to the mining industry. Before the invention of the shuttle, fabric was woven by two weavers passing a shuttle back and forth between them. The flying shuttle mounted the shuttle on wheels in a track and used paddles to push the shuttle side to side when the weaver jerked a cord.
This reduced the number of necessary weavers to one and greatly sped up the process so one weaver could weave fabric more quickly than two. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny in Stanhill, England in The spinning jenny allowed workers to produce multiple spools of thread at the same time.
By turning a simple wheel on the machine, the operator could spin eight spindles of thread at once, instead of just one. As the technology advanced, the machine was able to spin between 80 and spindles. James Watt patented his revision of the steam engine in Scotland in This made the steam engine much faster and efficient, using only half as much coal to produce the same amount of power.
The water frame was patented by Richard Arkwright in England in Although water frames have existed since ancient Egypt, Arkwright designed a model that could produce cotton thread. Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, which could spin multiple spools of thread and yarn at once, in England in The machine was named after a mule because it was a hybrid machine that combined two earlier inventions, the spinning jenny and the water frame.
The spinning mule was particularly useful for the production of muslin. Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, which replaced the flying shuttle, in England in The power loom is a mechanized loom that used water power to speed up the weaving process.
The initial power loom was not very efficient or commercially successful and was later improved upon by Scottish inventor William Harrocks and American inventor Francis Cabot Lowell.
As a result of the improvements, the power loom was commonly used after The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in Savannah, Georgia in The cotton gin separated cotton fibers from their seeds more quickly and efficiently than doing it manually.
This revolutionized the cotton industry but it also greatly increased the demand for cotton workers in the south which led to the growth in slavery. Thomas Moore invented the first wooden ice box in Maryland in The ice box was a simple wooden box lined with insulating materials such as tin or zinc with a large block of ice in a compartment near the top of the box.
Mechanized farm equipment changed how food was produced, and transformed agriculture into a big industry. It also was a period when innovators dared to dream big and take great risks, either by devising new inventions or finding ways to make existing products more efficiently. As a result, some made enormous fortunes. Trains were invented before the Second Industrial Revolution, but there were frequent accidents because slowing and stopping them was a cumbersome process. Then came George Westinghouse, a largely self-taught engineer who dropped out of college after three months because he was too busy inventing things.
Thomas Edison exhibiting a replica of his first successful incandescent lamp, which gave 16 candlepower of illumination, in contrast to the 50, watt, , candlepower lamp. Thomas Edison, perhaps the most famous inventor in American history, created many of his numerous innovations , from the phonograph and the movie camera to the alkaline storage battery, during the Second Industrial Revolution.
But perhaps his most influential breakthrough was his invention and marketing of the first incandescent light bulb that was long-lasting and practical for wide use. Edison came up with the idea of putting a carbonized bamboo filament inside a vacuum bulb, and then heating it to produce light. He kept tinkering with his creation and eventually improved his bulbs so much that they could last for 1, hours.
At this temperature, the oil broke down into simpler, more useful byproducts. Mark Twain used the system to type his novel Life on the Mississippi , which may have been the first literary work composed on a typewriter.
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